This comprehensive guide delves into the intricacies of AP Gov Unit 2, focusing on federalism and the structure and function of the three branches of government. We will explore key concepts, significant Supreme Court cases, and relevant historical context to provide you with a robust understanding of this crucial unit. This is not intended to replace your textbook or class notes but serves as a supplemental resource for deeper comprehension and exam preparation.
I. Federalism: A Divided Power Structure
Federalism, the sharing of power between a national government and state governments, is a cornerstone of the US political system. Understanding its complexities is crucial for success in AP Government.
A. Defining Federalism:
- Enumerated Powers: Powers explicitly granted to the federal government by the Constitution (e.g., declaring war, regulating interstate commerce).
- Reserved Powers (10th Amendment): Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people.
- Concurrent Powers: Powers shared by both the federal and state governments (e.g., taxation, law enforcement).
- Implied Powers (Necessary and Proper Clause): Powers derived from the enumerated powers, allowing Congress to pass laws necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated functions. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) established the broad interpretation of implied powers.
B. Shifting Balance of Power:
The balance of power between the federal and state governments has shifted throughout US history, influenced by various factors including:
- Dual Federalism (Layer Cake): A strict separation of powers between federal and state governments, prevalent in the early years of the Republic.
- Cooperative Federalism (Marble Cake): Increased cooperation and sharing of responsibilities between federal and state governments, particularly evident since the New Deal.
- Fiscal Federalism: The federal government's use of grants-in-aid (categorical, block, and revenue sharing) to influence state policies. This has led to debates about federal mandates and unfunded mandates.
- Devolution: The transfer of power from the federal government back to state and local governments, advocated by some conservatives.
C. Key Supreme Court Cases:
- ** McCulloch v. Maryland (1819):** Established the supremacy of the federal government and the broad interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause.
- ** United States v. Lopez (1995):** Limited the federal government's power under the Commerce Clause, highlighting the ongoing debate about the balance of power.
- ** Gibbons v. Ogden (1824):** Expanded the federal government's power to regulate interstate commerce.
II. The Three Branches of Government: Checks and Balances
The US government operates under a system of checks and balances, designed to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
A. Legislative Branch (Congress):
- Structure: Bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate (100 members) and the House of Representatives (435 members).
- Powers: Lawmaking, appropriations, oversight of the executive branch, impeachment.
- Key Processes: Bill passage, committee system, filibuster (Senate), gerrymandering.
B. Executive Branch (President):
- Powers: Enforcement of laws, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, treaty negotiation, appointment of officials, veto power.
- Checks on Congress: Veto power, executive orders.
- Checks on the Judiciary: Appointment of federal judges.
C. Judicial Branch (Supreme Court and Federal Courts):
- Structure: Supreme Court (9 justices), appellate courts, district courts.
- Powers: Judicial review (established in Marbury v. Madison), interpretation of laws, resolving disputes.
- Checks on Congress: Judicial review of legislation.
- Checks on the Executive: Judicial review of executive actions.
D. Checks and Balances in Action:
The effectiveness of checks and balances is constantly debated. Factors influencing their efficacy include:
- Party Polarization: Increased partisan division can hinder cooperation and compromise.
- Executive Orders: The use of executive orders can bypass Congress.
- Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint: The debate over the role of the judiciary in shaping public policy.
This detailed outline provides a strong foundation for understanding AP Gov Unit 2. Remember to consult your textbook, class notes, and practice questions to solidify your knowledge and prepare effectively for the AP exam. Further research into specific Supreme Court cases and political events will enhance your understanding and critical analysis skills.
