This chapter covers the Progressive Era, a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to the 1920s. Progressives sought to address problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption. These notes will highlight key themes, figures, and events of this transformative era.
I. The Roots of Progressivism
Several factors contributed to the rise of Progressivism:
- Industrialization and Urbanization: Rapid industrial growth led to immense wealth inequality, dangerous working conditions, and overcrowded cities. These issues fueled calls for reform.
- Muckrakers: Investigative journalists exposed corruption and social problems, galvanizing public opinion and creating demand for change. Think Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil) and Upton Sinclair ( The Jungle).
- Social Gospel Movement: This religious movement emphasized social justice and applied Christian ethics to social problems, promoting reforms like improved housing and working conditions.
- Populism's Legacy: While the Populist movement faded, its focus on economic and political reform paved the way for Progressive ideals.
II. Key Progressive Reforms
Progressive reforms targeted various aspects of American society:
A. Political Reform
- Direct Democracy: Initiatives, referendums, and recalls empowered citizens to directly participate in lawmaking and government accountability.
- Secret Ballot: Reduced voter intimidation and manipulation.
- Primary Elections: Allowed voters to choose their party's nominees, reducing the influence of party bosses.
- 17th Amendment: Direct election of senators, weakening the power of state legislatures.
B. Economic Reform
- Trust-Busting: Theodore Roosevelt's efforts to break up monopolies and promote competition, exemplified by his actions against Standard Oil and the Northern Securities Company.
- Regulation of Business: The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) gained more power to regulate railroads, and new agencies were created to oversee other industries.
- Conservation: Roosevelt championed conservation efforts, establishing national parks and forests.
C. Social Reform
- Labor Reform: Progressive activists fought for better working conditions, shorter hours, and higher wages. Child labor laws were enacted in many states.
- Women's Suffrage: The fight for women's right to vote gained momentum, culminating in the passage of the 19th Amendment. Key figures included Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
- Temperance Movement: The movement to ban alcohol gained widespread support, leading to the passage of the 18th Amendment (Prohibition).
III. Key Figures of the Progressive Era
- Theodore Roosevelt: A dynamic president who embraced Progressive ideals and actively used the power of the presidency to promote reform.
- Woodrow Wilson: Roosevelt's successor, who continued many Progressive initiatives and passed significant legislation like the Clayton Antitrust Act and the Federal Reserve Act.
- Robert M. La Follette: A progressive governor and senator from Wisconsin, known for his reforms at the state level.
- Jane Addams: A social reformer and founder of Hull House, a settlement house that provided services to the poor in Chicago.
IV. Limitations of Progressivism
Despite its significant achievements, Progressivism had limitations:
- Racial Inequality: While advocating for many reforms, Progressives often overlooked or exacerbated racial discrimination. Jim Crow laws continued to thrive in the South.
- Exclusionary Practices: Some Progressive reforms, such as immigration restrictions, were discriminatory and excluded certain groups.
- Limited Scope: Some pressing social problems, such as poverty and income inequality, remained largely unaddressed.
V. Legacy of the Progressive Era
The Progressive Era had a lasting impact on American society:
- Expanded Government Role: The federal government's role in regulating the economy and addressing social issues expanded significantly.
- Increased Citizen Participation: Progressive reforms increased citizen participation in government and broadened democratic ideals.
- Foundation for Future Reforms: The Progressive Era laid the groundwork for future social and political reforms in the 20th century.
This is a summary of AP US History Chapter 13. For a more complete understanding, consult your textbook and other relevant resources. Remember to focus on the causes, effects, and long-term consequences of the Progressive Era's key events and figures. Understanding the nuances and complexities of this period is crucial for success on the AP exam.
