Chapter 2 of most AP US History textbooks typically covers the period of early colonization and the development of distinct colonial societies in North America. This period is crucial for understanding the foundations of American identity and the eventual revolution. These notes provide a framework; you'll need to supplement them with your textbook and class lectures.
I. Early Colonization & Diverse Societies (1607-1700)
This section explores the initial waves of colonization, highlighting the distinct motivations and characteristics of various colonies.
A. English Colonization: A Variety of Ventures
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The Jamestown Settlement (1607): Initially driven by profit (joint-stock company), Jamestown struggled initially due to disease, starvation, and conflict with Native Americans. Tobacco cultivation eventually saved the colony. Focus on the role of John Smith and the transition from a disorganized settlement to a more stable, albeit exploitative, society. The early relationship with the Powhatan Confederacy is also critical.
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Plymouth and the Pilgrims (1620): Unlike Jamestown, Plymouth was founded by religious separatists seeking religious freedom. The Mayflower Compact established a rudimentary form of self-government. Their relationship with the Wampanoag, including the first Thanksgiving, contrasts sharply with Jamestown's experience.
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Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630): Established by Puritans seeking to purify the Church of England, this colony emphasized religious conformity and community governance. The significance of John Winthrop's "City upon a Hill" ideal and the establishment of Harvard College should be understood. The intolerance towards dissenters (e.g., Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson) led to the founding of new colonies.
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Other New England Colonies: Rhode Island (founded by Roger Williams), Connecticut, and New Hampshire all emerged from Massachusetts, each exhibiting unique characteristics reflecting their founders' beliefs and motivations.
B. The Middle Colonies: A Diverse Landscape
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New York: Initially settled by the Dutch (New Netherland), it was later taken over by the English. The diverse population and relatively tolerant atmosphere contrasted sharply with New England.
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Pennsylvania: Founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers, Pennsylvania attracted a variety of religious groups and became known for its relatively peaceful relations with Native Americans (initially). Its tolerance contributed to its rapid growth and diverse population.
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New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland: These colonies, often overlapping in territory and governance, further added to the diversity of the middle colonies.
C. Southern Colonies: Agriculture and Society
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Virginia: Tobacco production dominated its economy, leading to a hierarchical society based on land ownership and the institution of slavery. The headright system and indentured servitude were crucial components of its early labor system.
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Maryland: Initially founded as a haven for Catholics, it also became heavily reliant on tobacco cultivation and developed a social structure similar to Virginia's.
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The Carolinas: Initially divided into North and South Carolina, these colonies developed distinct economies. North Carolina remained more egalitarian, while South Carolina relied heavily on rice and indigo production, fueled by enslaved labor.
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Georgia: Founded later as a buffer colony against Spanish Florida, Georgia initially restricted slavery, but it eventually became a significant slaveholding colony.
II. The Atlantic World and the Colonial Experience
This section examines the interconnectedness of the colonies with Europe and Africa through trade and migration.
A. Mercantilism & the Triangular Trade
Understanding mercantilism—the economic theory that emphasized national wealth through a favorable balance of trade—is essential. The triangular trade network, connecting the colonies, Europe, and Africa, profoundly impacted the economies and societies of all three regions. The brutal reality of the Middle Passage and the transatlantic slave trade must be emphasized.
B. Colonial Society & Culture
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Social Structures: Examine the variations in social hierarchies across the different colonies, from the relatively egalitarian societies of New England towns to the rigidly stratified plantation societies of the South.
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Religious Diversity: Highlight the religious landscape, including the dominance of various Protestant denominations in New England, the diverse religious landscape of the Middle Colonies, and the Catholic presence in Maryland.
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Native American Interactions: Explore the complex and often violent relationships between colonists and Native Americans, focusing on key conflicts, treaties, and the ongoing displacement of Indigenous populations.
III. The Seeds of Revolution (1700-1763)
This section lays the groundwork for the American Revolution.
A. The Enlightenment's Influence
The Enlightenment's emphasis on reason, individual liberty, and natural rights deeply influenced colonial thought and contributed to the growing dissatisfaction with British rule.
B. Growing Tensions with Great Britain
Examine the various policies implemented by the British government that led to increasing tensions with the colonies, such as mercantilist restrictions, taxation without representation, and military actions.
C. French and Indian War (Seven Years' War):
The French and Indian War significantly altered the relationship between Great Britain and its American colonies. Its impact on colonial identity and the subsequent British policies aimed at controlling and taxing the colonies are pivotal. Understanding the consequences of victory (debt, imperial policy changes) is crucial.
These notes provide a skeletal outline. Remember to fill in the details using your textbook, lectures, and additional resources. Focus on understanding the causes and consequences of events, the diverse experiences of colonial populations, and the long-term implications of this period for the development of the United States.
