Chapter 11 of your AP US History curriculum likely delves into the Progressive Era, a period of significant social and political reform in the United States. This period, spanning roughly from 1890 to 1920, witnessed a surge in activism aimed at addressing the problems created by industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption. Mastering this chapter requires understanding its key themes, major figures, and lasting impact. This guide will help you navigate the complexities of the Progressive Era and ace your AP exam.
Key Themes of the Progressive Era:
The Progressive Era wasn't a monolithic movement; rather, it encompassed diverse groups with varying goals. However, several overarching themes unite these reformers:
1. Reforming Government and Politics:
- Muckrakers: Journalists like Upton Sinclair ( The Jungle) and Ida Tarbell exposed corruption and social injustices, galvanizing public support for reform. Understand their impact and the specific targets of their investigations.
- Political Reform: Progressive reformers pushed for measures like initiative, referendum, and recall to increase citizen participation in government and curb the power of political machines. Know the mechanics of these reforms and their effectiveness.
- Trust-Busting: President Theodore Roosevelt's pursuit of antitrust legislation, particularly his actions against the Northern Securities Company, aimed to curb the power of monopolies and promote competition. Analyze the successes and limitations of his approach.
2. Social Justice and Reform:
- Labor Movement: The Progressive Era saw significant growth in labor unions, fighting for better wages, working conditions, and the right to organize. Study the successes and failures of organizations like the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
- Women's Suffrage: The fight for women's right to vote gained significant momentum during this period. Examine the strategies employed by suffragists and the role of key figures like Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul.
- Temperance and Prohibition: The temperance movement, advocating for the prohibition of alcohol, gained widespread support. Analyze the motivations behind this movement and the eventual passage of the 18th Amendment.
- Racial Discrimination: While the Progressive Era saw some advancements in social justice, it's crucial to acknowledge the persistent and pervasive racial discrimination that marginalized African Americans. Understand the limitations of Progressive reform in addressing racial inequality.
3. Environmental Conservation:
- Conservation Movement: Figures like Gifford Pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt championed the conservation of natural resources, leading to the establishment of national parks and forests. Understand the different approaches to conservation and their long-term implications.
Key Figures to Focus On:
Beyond those already mentioned, consider the contributions of:
- Woodrow Wilson: His presidency saw the passage of significant Progressive legislation, including the Clayton Antitrust Act and the Federal Reserve Act.
- Jane Addams: A prominent social reformer and founder of Hull House, a settlement house that provided social services to the poor.
- W.E.B. Du Bois: A leading voice in the African American community, advocating for civil rights and challenging racial inequality. Contrast his views with those of Booker T. Washington.
Preparing for the AP Exam:
- Practice Multiple Choice Questions: Focus on identifying cause-and-effect relationships, analyzing primary sources, and understanding the nuances of different reform movements.
- Develop Essay Writing Skills: Practice writing essays that analyze the historical context, significance, and impact of events and individuals from the Progressive Era. Use specific examples and evidence to support your arguments.
- Understand the Long-Term Impact: Consider how the Progressive Era shaped subsequent American history, influencing future social and political movements.
By understanding these key themes, figures, and approaches to studying, you will be well-prepared to tackle Chapter 11 and succeed on the AP US History exam. Remember to consult your textbook, class notes, and other reputable resources to gain a comprehensive understanding of this pivotal period in American history.
