This comprehensive study guide covers the key concepts, individuals, and events of Unit 3 in AP European History, focusing on the rise of absolutism and the Scientific Revolution. Mastering this unit requires understanding the interplay between these seemingly disparate forces—the consolidation of monarchical power and the radical shift in scientific thought.
I. Absolutism: The Rise of Powerful Monarchs
This section explores the development and characteristics of absolutist rule across Europe. Key themes include the concentration of power in the hands of the monarch, the justification of royal authority, and the resulting social and political structures.
A. Key Monarchs and their Reigns:
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Louis XIV of France (The Sun King): Analyze his methods for centralizing power (e.g., Versailles, intendants, revocation of the Edict of Nantes). Understand the impact of his reign on French society and the European balance of power. Consider the economic policies implemented under his rule (Colbertism).
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The Habsburgs (Spain and the Holy Roman Empire): Compare and contrast the Habsburg reigns in Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Examine the challenges they faced in maintaining control over vast and diverse territories. Discuss the decline of Spanish power and the ongoing struggles within the Holy Roman Empire.
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Peter the Great of Russia: Analyze his reforms aimed at modernizing and westernizing Russia. Discuss his methods for strengthening his authority and expanding Russian territory. Consider the social and cultural changes he implemented.
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Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia: Understand his role in laying the groundwork for Prussian absolutism. Analyze his policies that strengthened the army and centralized power.
B. Characteristics of Absolutism:
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Divine Right of Kings: Understand this concept and its role in justifying absolute rule.
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Centralization of Power: Analyze the mechanisms used by absolute monarchs to consolidate power (e.g., standing armies, bureaucratic systems, control of the church).
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Mercantilism: Understand the economic principles of mercantilism and its relationship to absolutism.
C. Social and Political Consequences of Absolutism:
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Impact on the Nobility: How did absolute monarchs manage and control the nobility?
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Religious Policies: Analyze the role of religion in absolutist states (e.g., religious persecution, state control of the church).
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Expansion of State Power: Discuss the expansion of state power and its impact on individual liberties.
II. The Scientific Revolution: A Paradigm Shift in Thinking
This section examines the intellectual and scientific developments that challenged traditional views of the universe and human knowledge.
A. Key Figures and their Contributions:
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Nicolaus Copernicus: His heliocentric model of the universe and its impact on scientific thought.
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Johannes Kepler: His laws of planetary motion and their contribution to a more accurate understanding of the solar system.
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Galileo Galilei: His astronomical observations and his conflict with the Catholic Church.
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Isaac Newton: His laws of motion and universal gravitation and their profound impact on scientific understanding.
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Francis Bacon: His emphasis on inductive reasoning and the scientific method.
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René Descartes: His emphasis on deductive reasoning and his famous phrase "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am").
B. The Scientific Method:
Understand the development and importance of the scientific method, emphasizing observation, experimentation, and the testing of hypotheses.
C. The Impact of the Scientific Revolution:
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Challenge to Traditional Authority: How did the Scientific Revolution challenge traditional religious and philosophical authorities?
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Rise of Scientific Societies: The role of scientific societies in promoting scientific inquiry and disseminating knowledge.
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Long-Term Impact on Society: The long-term consequences of the Scientific Revolution on science, technology, and society.
III. Connecting Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution:
While seemingly distinct, absolutism and the Scientific Revolution were interconnected. Consider these points:
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Patronage of Science: How did absolute monarchs support scientific endeavors?
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Scientific Advances and State Power: How did scientific advancements contribute to the power and effectiveness of absolutist states (e.g., improvements in weaponry, navigation, etc.)?
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The Enlightenment: Begin to consider how the Scientific Revolution laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment.
IV. Study Strategies:
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Utilize Primary Sources: Familiarize yourself with key primary sources from the period.
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Practice DBQs and FRQs: Regularly practice writing Document-Based Questions (DBQs) and Free-Response Questions (FRQs) to prepare for the AP exam.
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Create timelines and outlines: Organize information chronologically and thematically.
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Collaborate with classmates: Discuss concepts and test each other's knowledge.
This study guide provides a framework for your preparation. Remember to consult your textbook, class notes, and other supplementary materials to deepen your understanding of these crucial historical developments. Good luck with your studies!
